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Air pollution and breast cancer incidence in a United States-wide prospective cohort study: Examining sensitive periods of exposure

Jennifer L. Ish, Judy Y. Ou, Alison M. Rector-Houze d, Nicole M. Niehoff, Jianzhao Bi , Joel D. Kaufman, Dale P. Sandler, Alexandra J. White

Dec 1, 2025

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2025.109966

"Highlights

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    We examined timing of air pollution exposure in relation to breast cancer (BC) risk.

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    We found limited evidence of heightened risk during windows of susceptibility.

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    NO2 was associated with increased risk across a 10-year exposure lag.

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    Risk of ER-negative BC was associated with PM2.5 at an 11–13-year lag."

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